| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Vol. 52, Issue 3, 375-414, September 2000
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (K.A.L., G.M.P., S.K., I.R.-S., J.P., S.S.,
K.P.C., S.A.W.); and Institute of Pharmacology, University of Catania
Medical School, Catania, Italy (G.M.P.)
I. Introduction
II. Guanylyl Cyclases
A. Molecular Biology
1. Identification of the Members of the Guanylyl Cyclase
Family.
2. Structure and Location of Guanylyl Cyclase Genes.
3. Genetic Disorders Associated with Guanylyl Cyclases.
B. Membrane-Bound Guanylyl Cyclases
1. Introduction.
2. Isotypes of Particulate Guanylyl Cyclases.
a. Natriuretic Peptide Receptors.
b. Intestinal Peptide Receptor Guanylyl
Cyclase.
c. Orphan Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases.
3. Structure of Particulate Guanylyl Cyclases.
a. Extracellular Domain.
i. Glycosylation of Receptors.
ii. Cysteines and Oligomerization of Receptors.
b. Transmembrane Domain.
c. Juxtamembrane domain.
d. Kinase Homology Domain.
i. Structure.
ii. Kinase Activity.
iii. Phosphorylation.
e. Hinge Region.
f. Catalytic Domain.
i. Dimerization of Catalytic Domains Is Required for Enzymatic
Activity.
ii. Determinants of Purine Specificity.
iii. Configuration of the Catalytic Site.
g. Carboxyl Terminal Tail.
4. Receptor-Effector Coupling and Particulate Guanylyl Cyclase
Function.
a. Interaction of Ligand and Receptor.
b. Oligomerization of Receptors.
c. Regulation by Adenine Nucleotides.
i. Allosteric Activation of Guanylyl Cyclases by
Nucleotides.
ii. Allosteric Inhibition of Guanylyl Cyclases by
Nucleotides.
d. Kinase Homology Domain.
e. Phosphorylation and Homologous and Heterologous
Desensitization.
f. Accessory Protein Regulation.
g. Model for Coupling of Particulate Guanylyl Cyclase Receptor and
Effector.
C. Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase
1. Subunit Structure and Isotypes of Soluble Guanylyl
Cyclase.
2. Domain Structure.
3. Regulation of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase by Ligands.
a. Nitric Oxide.
b. Protoporphyrin IX.
c. Catalytic Mechanism.
d. Divalent Cations.
III. Cyclic GMP and Cell Signaling
A. Introduction
B. Protein Kinases
1. Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases.
2. Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases and Cyclic GMP
Signaling.
C. Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels
D. Cyclic GMP-Regulated Phosphodiesterases
E. Cyclic GMP and Cell Physiology
1. Motility of Vascular Smooth Muscle.
2. Intestinal Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis.
3. Phototransduction.
IV. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Guanylyl cyclases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of GTP to cGMP. The family comprises both membrane-bound and soluble isoforms that are expressed in nearly all cell types. They are regulated by diverse extracellular agonists that include peptide hormones, bacterial toxins, and free radicals, as well as intracellular molecules, such as calcium and adenine nucleotides. Stimulation of guanylyl cyclases and the resultant accumulation of cGMP regulates complex signaling cascades through immediate downstream effectors, including cGMP-dependent protein kinases, cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases, and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. Guanylyl cyclases and cGMP-mediated signaling cascades play a central role in the regulation of diverse (patho)physiological processes, including vascular smooth muscle motility, intestinal fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, and retinal phototransduction. Topics addressed in this review include the structure and chromosomal localization of the genes for guanylyl cyclases, structure and function of the members of the guanylyl cyclase family, molecular mechanisms regulating enzymatic activity, and molecular sequences coupling ligand binding to catalytic activity. A brief overview is presented of the downstream events controlled by guanylyl cyclases, including the effectors that are regulated by cGMP and the role that guanylyl cyclases play in cell physiology and pathophysiology.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M.-C. Maa, M. Y. Chang, Y.-J. Chen, C.-H. Lin, C. J. Yu, Y. L. Yang, J. Li, P.-R. Chen, C.-H. Tang, H.-Y. Lei, et al. Requirement of Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase in Lipopolysaccharide-mediated Src Induction and Macrophage Migration J. Biol. Chem., November 14, 2008; 283(46): 31408 - 31416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Guazzi Clinical Use of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors in Chronic Heart Failure Circ Heart Fail, November 1, 2008; 1(4): 272 - 280. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Rauch, M. Leipelt, M. Russwurm, and C. Steegborn Crystal structure of the guanylyl cyclase Cya2 PNAS, October 14, 2008; 105(41): 15720 - 15725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Zhou, N. Sayed, A. Pyriochou, C. Roussos, D. Fulton, A. Beuve, and A. Papapetropoulos Protein Kinase G Phosphorylates Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase on Serine 64 and Inhibits Its Activity Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2008; 28(10): 1803 - 1810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Zhou, A. Pyriochou, A. Kotanidou, G. Dalkas, M. van Eickels, G. Spyroulias, C. Roussos, and A. Papapetropoulos Soluble guanylyl cyclase activation by HMR-1766 (ataciguat) in cells exposed to oxidative stress Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2008; 295(4): H1763 - H1771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. M. Pitari, J. E. Lin, F. J. Shah, W. J. Lubbe, D. S. Zuzga, P. Li, S. Schulz, and S. A. Waldman Enterotoxin preconditioning restores calcium-sensing receptor-mediated cytostasis in colon cancer cells Carcinogenesis, August 1, 2008; 29(8): 1601 - 1607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. E. Snook, B. J. Stafford, P. Li, G. Tan, L. Huang, R. Birbe, S. Schulz, M. J. Schnell, M. Thakur, J. L. Rothstein, et al. Guanylyl Cyclase C-Induced Immunotherapeutic Responses Opposing Tumor Metastases Without Autoimmunity J Natl Cancer Inst, July 2, 2008; 100(13): 950 - 961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Wilkins, J. Wharton, F. Grimminger, and H. A. Ghofrani Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension Eur. Respir. J., July 1, 2008; 32(1): 198 - 209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Y. Kots, B.-K. Choi, M. E. Estrella-Jimenez, C. A. Warren, S. R. Gilbertson, R. L. Guerrant, and F. Murad From the Cover: Pyridopyrimidine derivatives as inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide synthesis: Application for treatment of diarrhea PNAS, June 17, 2008; 105(24): 8440 - 8445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. C. Rericha and C. A. Parent Steering in Quadruplet: The Complex Signaling Pathways Directing Chemotaxis Sci. Signal., June 3, 2008; 1(22): pe26 - pe26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. B. Morton, J. A. Stewart, K. K. Langlais, R. A. Clemens-Grisham, and A. Vermehren Synaptic transmission in neurons that express the Drosophila atypical soluble guanylyl cyclases, Gyc-89Da and Gyc-89Db, is necessary for the successful completion of larval and adult ecdysis J. Exp. Biol., May 15, 2008; 211(10): 1645 - 1656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Drenning, V. A. Lira, C. G. Simmons, Q. A. Soltow, J. E. Sellman, and D. S. Criswell Nitric oxide facilitates NFAT-dependent transcription in mouse myotubes Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2008; 294(4): C1088 - C1095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Rose and W. R. Giles Natriuretic peptide C receptor signalling in the heart and vasculature J. Physiol., January 15, 2008; 586(2): 353 - 366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Li, J. E. Lin, I. Chervoneva, S. Schulz, S. A. Waldman, and G. M. Pitari Homeostatic Control of the Crypt-Villus Axis by the Bacterial Enterotoxin Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase C Restricts the Proliferating Compartment in Intestine Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2007; 171(6): 1847 - 1858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Andric, M. M. Janjic, N. J. Stojkov, and T. S. Kostic Protein kinase G-mediated stimulation of basal Leydig cell steroidogenesis Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2007; 293(5): E1399 - E1408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Schmidt, A. Stonkute, R. Juttner, S. Schaffer, J. Buttgereit, R. Feil, F. Hofmann, and F. G. Rathjen The receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 is essential for sensory axon bifurcation within the spinal cord J. Cell Biol., October 22, 2007; 179(2): 331 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Pechenik, D. E. Cochrane, W. Li, E. T. West, A. Pires, and M. Leppo Nitric Oxide Inhibits Metamorphosis in Larvae of Crepidula fornicata, the Slippershell Snail Biol. Bull., October 1, 2007; 213(2): 160 - 171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Nimmegeers, P. Sips, E. Buys, P. Brouckaert, and J. Van de Voorde Functional role of the soluble guanylyl cyclase {alpha}1 subunit in vascular smooth muscle relaxation Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2007; 76(1): 149 - 159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. G. Lee, B. D. Bader, E. S. Chang, and D. L. Mykles Effects of elevated ecdysteroid on tissue expression of three guanylyl cyclases in the tropical land crab Gecarcinus lateralis: possible roles of neuropeptide signaling in the molting gland J. Exp. Biol., September 15, 2007; 210(18): 3245 - 3254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Tamada, M. Nara, H. Kanatsuka, M. Nagaoka, R. Koshida, G. Tamura, and T. Hattori A Potentiating Effect of Endogenous NO in the Physiologic Secretion from Airway Submucosal Glands Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., September 1, 2007; 37(3): 357 - 365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Dhakshinamoorthy, S. R. Sridharan, L. Li, P. Y. Ng, L. M. Boxer, and A. G. Porter Protein/DNA arrays identify nitric oxide-regulated cis-element and trans-factor activities some of which govern neuroblastoma cell viability Nucleic Acids Res., August 15, 2007; (2007) gkm594v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Zhao, E. Vellaichamy, N. K. Somanna, and K. N. Pandey Guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A gene disruption causes increased adrenal angiotensin II and aldosterone levels Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): F121 - F127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. V. Agostino, S. A. Plano, and D. A. Golombek Sildenafil accelerates reentrainment of circadian rhythms after advancing light schedules PNAS, June 5, 2007; 104(23): 9834 - 9839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Salmi, K. E. Morris, S. J. Roux, and D. M. Porterfield Nitric Oxide and cGMP Signaling in Calcium-Dependent Development of Cell Polarity in Ceratopteris richardii Plant Physiology, May 1, 2007; 144(1): 94 - 104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Rose, N. Hatano, S. Ohya, Y. Imaizumi, and W. R. Giles C-type natriuretic peptide activates a non-selective cation current in acutely isolated rat cardiac fibroblasts via natriuretic peptide C receptor-mediated signalling J. Physiol., April 1, 2007; 580(1): 255 - 274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Glynos, A. Kotanidou, S. E. Orfanos, Z. Zhou, D. C. M. Simoes, C. Magkou, C. Roussos, and A. Papapetropoulos Soluble guanylyl cyclase expression is reduced in LPS-induced lung injury Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): R1448 - R1455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Xia, D. D. Mruk, and C. Y. Cheng C-type natriuretic peptide regulates blood-testis barrier dynamics in adult rat testes PNAS, March 6, 2007; 104(10): 3841 - 3846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Cheng and J. P. Grande Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Inhibitors: Novel Therapeutic Agents for Progressive Renal Disease Experimental Biology and Medicine, January 1, 2007; 232(1): 38 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Pyriochou, D. Beis, V. Koika, C. Potytarchou, E. Papadimitriou, Z. Zhou, and A. Papapetropoulos Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Activation Promotes Angiogenesis J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 2006; 319(2): 663 - 671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Martin, V. Berka, E. Bogatenkova, F. Murad, and A.-L. Tsai Ligand Selectivity of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase: EFFECT OF THE HYDROGEN-BONDING TYROSINE IN THE DISTAL HEME POCKET ON BINDING OF OXYGEN, NITRIC OXIDE, AND CARBON MONOXIDE J. Biol. Chem., September 22, 2006; 281(38): 27836 - 27845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Z. Kalea, D. A. Schuschke, P. D. Harris, and D. J. Klimis-Zacas Cyclo-Oxygenase Inhibition Restores the Attenuated Vasodilation in Manganese-Deficient Rat Aorta J. Nutr., September 1, 2006; 136(9): 2302 - 2307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Schulz, T. Hyslop, J. Haaf, C. Bonaccorso, K. Nielsen, M. E. Witek, R. Birbe, J. Palazzo, D. Weinberg, and S. A. Waldman A Validated Quantitative Assay to Detect Occult Micrometastases by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction of Guanylyl Cyclase C in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2006; 12(15): 4545 - 4552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Muller, L. Cortes-Dericks, L. T. Budnik, B. Brunswig-Spickenheier, M. Pancratius, R. C. Speth, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, and R. Middendorff Homologous and Lysophosphatidic Acid-Induced Desensitization of the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Receptor, Guanylyl Cyclase-A, in MA-10 Leydig Cells Endocrinology, June 1, 2006; 147(6): 2974 - 2985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. M. Pitari, T. Li, R. I. Baksh, and S. A. Waldman Exisulind and guanylyl cyclase C induce distinct antineoplastic signaling mechanisms in human colon cancer cells Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2006; 5(5): 1190 - 1196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. O. Ortiz, J. F. Etchberger, S. L. Posy, C. Frokjaer-Jensen, S. Lockery, B. Honig, and O. Hobert Searching for Neuronal Left/Right Asymmetry: Genomewide Analysis of Nematode Receptor-Type Guanylyl Cyclases Genetics, May 1, 2006; 173(1): 131 - 149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. Teixeira, F. B. M. Priviero, and R. C. Webb Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Rat Mesenteric Artery Vasorelaxation Induced by the Nitric Oxide-Independent Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Stimulators BAY 41-2272 [5-Cyclopropyl-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]pyrimidin-4-ylamine] and YC-1 [3-(5'-Hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzyl Indazole] J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2006; 317(1): 258 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Mewe, C. K. Bauer, D. Muller, and R. Middendorff Regulation of Spontaneous Contractile Activity in the Bovine Epididymal Duct by Cyclic Guanosine 5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Pathways Endocrinology, April 1, 2006; 147(4): 2051 - 2062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sindic and E. Schlatter Cellular Effects of Guanylin and Uroguanylin J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2006; 17(3): 607 - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Mingone, S. A. Gupte, N. Ali, R. A. Oeckler, and M. S. Wolin Thiol oxidation inhibits nitric oxide-mediated pulmonary artery relaxation and guanylate cyclase stimulation Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): L549 - L557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. E. Teixeira, F. B.M. Priviero, J. Todd Jr, and R. C. Webb Vasorelaxing Effect of BAY 41-2272 in Rat Basilar Artery: Involvement of cGMP-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 596 - 602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Philipp, N. Rogalla, and S. Kreissl The neuropeptide proctolin potentiates contractions and reduces cGMP concentration via a PKC-dependent pathway J. Exp. Biol., February 1, 2006; 209(3): 531 - 540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. Teixeira, F. B. M. Priviero, and R. C. Webb Differential Effects of the Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors Sildenafil, Vardenafil, and Tadalafil in Rat Aorta J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2006; 316(2): 654 - 661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Packer Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) down-regulation by abnormal extracellular matrix proteins as a novel mechanism in vascular dysfunction: Implications in metabolic syndrome Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2006; 69(2): 302 - 303. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Diez-Marques, M. P. Ruiz-Torres, M. Griera, S. Lopez-Ongil, M. Saura, D. Rodriguez-Puyol, and M. Rodriguez-Puyol Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing peptides increase soluble guanylate cyclase in contractile cells Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2006; 69(2): 359 - 369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Kumada, M. K. Lakshmana, and H. Komuro Reversal of Neuronal Migration in a Mouse Model of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome by Controlling Second-Messenger Signalings J. Neurosci., January 18, 2006; 26(3): 742 - 756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Papapetropoulos, D. C. M. Simoes, G. Xanthou, C. Roussos, and C. Gratziou Soluble guanylyl cyclase expression is reduced in allergic asthma Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, January 1, 2006; 290(1): L179 - L184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Witek, K. Nielsen, R. Walters, T. Hyslop, J. Palazzo, S. Schulz, and S. A. Waldman The Putative Tumor Suppressor Cdx2 Is Overexpressed by Human Colorectal Adenocarcinomas Clin. Cancer Res., December 15, 2005; 11(24): 8549 - 8556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. M. Pitari, R. I. Baksh, D. M. Harris, P. Li, S. Kazerounian, and S. A. Waldman Interruption of Homologous Desensitization in Cyclic Guanosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Signaling Restores Colon Cancer Cytostasis by Bacterial Enterotoxins Cancer Res., December 1, 2005; 65(23): 11129 - 11135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Krejci, B. Masri, V. Fontaine, P. B. Mekikian, M. Weis, H. Prats, and W. R. Wilcox Interaction of fibroblast growth factor and C-natriuretic peptide signaling in regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix homeostasis J. Cell Sci., November 1, 2005; 118(21): 5089 - 5100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Papapetropoulos, Z. Zhou, C. Gerassimou, G. Yetik, R. C. Venema, C. Roussos, W. C. Sessa, and J. D. Catravas Interaction between the 90-kDa Heat Shock Protein and Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase: Physiological Significance and Mapping of the Domains Mediating Binding Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 2005; 68(4): 1133 - 1141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Meurer, S. Pioch, S. Gross, and W. Muller-Esterl Reactive Oxygen Species Induce Tyrosine Phosphorylation of and Src Kinase Recruitment to NO-sensitive Guanylyl Cyclase J. Biol. Chem., September 30, 2005; 280(39): 33149 - 33156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Christen, B. Christen, M. Folcher, A. Schauerte, and U. Jenal Identification and Characterization of a Cyclic di-GMP-specific Phosphodiesterase and Its Allosteric Control by GTP J. Biol. Chem., September 2, 2005; 280(35): 30829 - 30837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kazerounian, G. M. Pitari, F. J. Shah, G. S. Frick, M. Madesh, I. Ruiz-Stewart, S. Schulz, G. Hajnoczky, and S. A. Waldman Proliferative Signaling by Store-Operated Calcium Channels Opposes Colon Cancer Cell Cytostasis Induced by Bacterial Enterotoxins J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2005; 314(3): 1013 - 1022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. De Frutos, M. Saura, M. Griera, F. J. Rivero-Vilches, C. Zaragoza, D. Rodriguez-Puyol, and M. Rodriguez-Puyol Differential Regulation of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Expression and Signaling by Collagens: Involvement of Integrin-Linked Kinase J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2005; 16(9): 2626 - 2635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Golin-Bisello, N. Bradbury, and N. Ameen STa and cGMP stimulate CFTR translocation to the surface of villus enterocytes in rat jejunum and is regulated by protein kinase G Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): C708 - C716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
